Effect of the ascidian Styela clava on the growth of small holothurians of the species Apostichopus japonicus

We studied the effect of the common ascidian Styela clava on the growth of small holothurians of the species Apostichopus japonicus (Selenka, 1867). In a traditional aquaculture system, the oxygen consumption rates, ammonia excretion rates, and ingestion rates of small A. japonicus were reduced significantly, which suggested that this group was stressed by the presence of large A. japonicus, and that this stress grew stronger with time. Oxygen consumption rates, ammonia excretion rates, and ingestion rates of small A. japonicus in an integrated aquaculture (IA) system with S. clava, microalgae, and A. japonicus were higher than those observed in the traditional culture system. Metabolic and digestive enzymes were more active in small A. japonicus in the IA system than in those in the traditional aquaculture system. These results suggest that the IA model did not affect the growth of large A. japonicas, but produced a marked positive impact on the growth of small individuals.     

Female polyandry and size‐assortative mating in isolated local populations of the Japanese common toad Bufo japonicus

In anurans, female polyandry under male harassment is distributed across taxa because of external aquatic fertilization. According to the sexual selection theory, male–male competition for access to females is affected by the operational sex ratio (OSR) and population density. The Japanese common toad, Bufo japonicus, is widespread in mainland Japan, and like the European common toad, B. bufo, it engages in explosive breeding. In this study, we observed the breeding behaviour of B. japonicus in isolated local populations for over four years in two breeding ponds with different population sizes and densities: large‐low (L‐pond) and small‐high (S‐pond). We analysed the relative polyandry ratio in egg clutches laid by females and estimated the size‐assortative mating pattern to be an indicator of male–male competition in the two ponds. Both ponds tended to exhibit a size‐assortative mating pattern; however, the frequency of polyandry was different in the two ponds (L‐pond = 20% and S‐pond = 90%). Our results showed that polyandry could occur without multiple amplexus with a high population density, i.e. eggs were often fertilized by free‐swimming sperm in the small shallow pond. We propose that high female polyandry ratios without continuous male harassment are generated because of a male‐biased OSR and a high population density in the small pond. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 113 , 236–242.     

仿刺参消化系统的组织学和组织化学研究

用组织学和组织化学方法研究了仿刺参的消化系统。消化道管壁由粘膜层、粘膜下层、肌层和外膜组成。粘膜层为假复层或单层的柱状细胞或立方细胞与粘液细胞。粘液细胞分布于前肠的前段和排泄腔。前肠和中肠上皮具蛋白酶、脂酶和非特异性酯酶活性。中肠上皮细胞游离端有密集微绒毛,游离端质膜呈碱性磷酸酶活性,上皮下有丰富的血窦,表明具吸收作用。     

日本续断中新五糖皂甙的结构及其核磁共振光谱

从日本续断（Ｄｉｐｓａｃｕｓ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ Ｍｉｑ．）根的乙醇提取物中分得一个新的三萜皂甙,其结构被鉴定为３．－Ｏ－〖β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖（１→）〗〖α－吡喃鼠李糖（１→３）〗－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄３９糖（１→３）－α－Ｌ吡喃鼠李糖（１→２）－α－吡喃阿拉伯糖－齐墩酸。采用一维ＳＥＭＤＹ谱和转坐标ＮＯＥ差谱核磁共振新技术相结合的方法,对糖体间和９糖体与甙元间的连接顺连接位置进行了研究。该方法的结果     

麦冬的配糖体成分

从川麦冬（Ｏｐｈｉｏｐｏｇｏｎ ｊａｐｏｎｉｃｕｓ）根部乙醇提取物中分离得到四个已知化合物,经波谱分析确定其结构分别为：龙脑７－Ｏ－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖甙（１）,龙脑７－Ｏ－〔β－Ｄ－呋喃芹糖（１→６）〕－β－Ｄ吡喃葡萄糖甙（２）,４－烯丙基－１,２－苯本酚１－Ｏ－〔α－Ｌ－吡喃鼠李糖（１→６）〕－β－Ｄ－吡喃葡萄糖甙（３）,５－烯－１β,３β,１６β,２２Ｓ－胆甾四醇１－Ｏ－α－Ｌ－吡喃鼠李糖１６     

日本亮耳菌——一种新的杀线虫真菌

从贵州省宽阔水自然保护区采到的日本亮耳菌Lampteromycesjaponicus(Kawam.)Sing.这一中国新记录种,其菌丝体及其丙酮粗提物对线虫有毒杀作用,是一类有应用前景的食线虫真菌资源。     

云南新植物

发表天南星属(天南星科)一新种苍山南星Arisaema cangshanense X.D.Dong,通泉草一新变种,白花通泉草Mazus japonica(Thunb.)O, Kuntze var.leucanthus X.D.Dong和光叶蔷薇一新变种,重瓣光叶蔷薇Rosa wichuraiana Crep.var.multipetala X.D.Dong     

Genome Analysis of Lotus japonicus

Lotus japonicus , a model legume plant, was reviewed and compared with Medicago truncatula and soybean. Several mutant libraries are being analyzed, focusing on the nodulation mechanism. The first plant nodulation gene nin was cloned by Ac-transposon tagging. Soybean remains as the most studied legume, especially in relation to the disease resistance genes. However, Lotus japonicus offers several advantages for molecular genetics, and the remained lackings were recently filled up, namely 1) an appropriate crossing partner for Gifu, accession Miyakojima, was proposed for its 4% polymorphism and smooth recombining ability; 2) a genome library with long inserts, average of 140 kb, and 8.2 genome equivalents of library size, has been established; and 3) the rather low polymorphic rate between Gifu and Miyakojima can be overcome with the HEGS (High Efficiency Genome Scanning). With this infrastructure, positional cloning of the causative genes of several mutant libraries will be accomplished in a short term. Genome sizes of L. japonicus acc. Gifu and Miyakojima were determined with high accuracy, to be 494±0 MB and 512±1 MB, respectively. The feasibility of constructing a physical map of the entire genome, for functional genomics, was discussed. Received 5 September 2000/ Accepted in revised form 11 October 2000     

Large Scale Structural Analysis of cDNAs in the Model Legume, Lotus japonicus

Lotus japonicus possesses certain characteristics suited to molecular genetic and genomic analyses and has been adopted as a model species in the study of legume plants. To make a catalogue of genes expressed in L. japonicus and understand biological processes specific to legume plants, large scale EST analyses have been performed. To date, more than 26,000 EST sequences of L. japonicus have been deposited in the public databases. These sequences were developed by five laboratories using different organs. In this review, information obtained from two EST projects carried out in Japan is presented. Some 7137 non-redundant EST groups from young plants and 718 groups from flower buds were generated. A similarity search revealed that homologues of nodulin genes in other legume plants, as well as genes related to secondary metabolism, seed development and the reproductive process, were included in the EST collection, indicating the usefulness of the EST clones in the study of biological phenomena distinctive to legume plant species. Received 23 August 2000/ Accepted in revised form 22 September 2000     

Differences in growth rates among cohorts of Encrasicholina punctifer and Engraulis japonicus larvae in the coastal waters off Tanshui River Estuary, Taiwan, as indicated by otolith microstructure analysis

The hatching dates of Encrasicholina punctifer and Engraulis japonicus larvae collected in the coastal waters off Tanshui River Estuary during the fishing seasons of 1992 and 1993 indicated that these two anchovies had protracted spawning seasons, which resulted in multiple recruitment cohorts. Encrasicholina punctifer larvae recruited to the estuary from October to March, while the majority of E. japonicus larvae came in March-May and to a lesser extent in October and November. The E. punctifer larvae on arrival to the estuary were 17·4–35·6 mm in length, 167ndash;89 days old and had growth rates of 0·4–1·0 mm day⁻¹, E. japonicus larvae were 12·1–32·7 mm in length, 19–62 days old and had growth rates of 0·7–0·9 mm day⁻¹. Growth rates were significantly different among cohorts and positively correlated to water temperature.